Randomization Inference for Outcomes with Clumping at Zero

Abstract

In randomized experiments, randomization forms the “reasoned basis for inference.” While randomization inference is well developed for continuous and binary outcomes, there has been comparatively little work for outcomes with nonnegative support and clumping at zero. Typically outcomes of this type have been modeled using parametric models that impose strong distributional assumptions. This article proposes new randomization inference procedures for nonnegative outcomes with clumping at zero. Instead of making distributional assumptions, we propose various assumptions about the nature of response to treatment. Our methods form a set of nonparametric methods for outcomes that are often described as zero-inflated. These methods are illustrated using two randomized trials where job training interventions were designed to increase earnings of participants.