Using Intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography to Image Pediatric Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis

Abstract

Purpose: Unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) impairs communication and reduces academic performance and social interactions in children. Deciding between temporary, permanent, or potentially destructive surgical interventions can be challenging, as there currently exists no reliable means of predicting vocal fold recovery or assessing the presence of vocal fold atrophy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been shown to be an appealing non-invasive alternative for accessing vocal fold structures. This study describes UVFP microanatomy and identifies possible vocal fold atrophy using OCT. Methods: Three UVFP patients (ages 1, 11, and 17 years) underwent bilateral OCT imaging using a handheld probe while under general anesthesia for direct laryngoscopy, and the laryngoscopic images were compared with images obtained from OCT. Structural morphological features were extracted and compared to a healthy patients' cohort. Results: While endoscopy showed no evidence of vocal fold atrophy in two of three cases, OCT images revealed distinct differences between the lamina propria of the paralyzed and functional vocal folds in all patients. In two cases, the paralyzed vocal fold morphology was similar to a healthy patient at the age of nerve injury. The third case exhibited extensive scarring in the lamina propria of the paralyzed vocal fold. Conclusions: This study characterizes and compares vocal fold microanatomy in UVFP. In most cases, lamina propria development halted at the age of paralysis, suggesting that lamina propria maturation can be asymmetric and may be dependent on vocal fold functionality. OCT shows potential to aid UVFP assessment and treatment decisions by evaluating the in vivo presence of atrophy.