A Theoretical Interpretation of the Black Hole Fundamental Plane

Abstract

We examine the origin and evolution of correlations between properties of supermassive BHs and their host galaxies using simulations of major galaxy mergers, including the effects of gas dissipation, cooling, star formation, and BH accretion and feedback. We demonstrate that the simulations predict the existence of a BH "fundamental plane'' (BHFP), of the form M-BH proportional to sigma(3.0 +/- 0.3) R-e(0.43 +/- 0.19) or M-BH proportional to M-*(0.54 +/- 0.17) sigma(2.2 +/- 0.5), similar to relations found observationally. The simulations indicate that the BHFP can be understood roughly as a tilted intrinsic correlation between BH mass and spheroid binding energy, or the condition for feedback coupling to power a pressure-driven outflow. While changes in halo circular velocity, merger orbital parameters, progenitor disk redshifts and gas fractions, ISM gas pressurization, and other parameters can drive changes in, e. g., sigma at fixed M-*, and therefore changes in the M-BH-sigma or M-BH-M-* relations, the BHFP is robust. Given the empirical trend of decreasing R-e for a given M-*, at high redshift ( i.e., increasingly deep potential wells), the BHFP predicts that BHs will be more massive at fixed M*-, in good agreement with recent observations. This evolution in the structural properties of merger remnants, to smaller R-e and larger - ( and therefore larger MBH, conserving the BHFP) at a given M-*-, is driven by the fact that disks ( merger progenitors) have characteristically larger gas fractions at high redshifts. Adopting the observed evolution of disk gas fractions with redshift, our simulations predict the observed trends in both Re( M-*) and MBH(M-*). The existence of this BHFP also has important implications for the masses of the very largest black holes and immediately resolves several apparent conflicts between the BH masses expected and measured for outliers in both the M-BH-sigma and M-BH- M-* relations.