Unveiling the Factors Influencing Effective Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Response in Filipino Schools

Abstract

Over the past few decades, the Philippines has made significant progress in improving the health and wellbeing of its children and adolescents, leading to reduced infant and child mortality and a decline in adolescent pregnancies. However, despite these advancements, challenges remain, particularly in providing universal access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities. This study investigates the factors influencing the effective and equitable implementation of the National Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools (WinS) Program. Despite operating under the same governmental structure, health inequities in program implementation across schools highlight areas that warrant further investigation, suggesting the presence of influential but less obvious factors. Utilizing a qualitative research design with a multiple case study approach, the study uncovers not only the direct factors impacting implementation but also explores the underlying drivers and strategic responses needed to address them. Findings emphasize the importance of adaptive local strategies and transformative leadership to effectively navigate these challenges, enhancing both the sustainability and effectiveness of the program. Recommendations are provided to guide policymakers and stakeholders in refining these strategies, informed by an understanding of the broader social determinants of health that shape educational and health outcomes.