Scale and Nature of Sulcification Patterns

Abstract

Sulci are surface folds commonly seen in strained soft elastomers and form via a strongly subcritical, yet scale-free, instability. Treating the threshold for nonlinear instability as a nonlinear critical point, we explain the nature of sulcus patterns in terms of the scale and translation symmetries which are broken by the formation of an isolated, small sulcus. Our perturbative theory and simulations show that sulcus formation in a thick, compressed slab can arise either as a supercritical or as a weakly subcritical bifurcation relative to this nonlinear critical point, depending on the boundary conditions. An infinite number of competing, equilibrium patterns simultaneously emerge at this critical point, but the one selected has the lowest energy. We give a simple, physical explanation for the formation of these sulcification patterns using an analogy to a solid-solid phase transition with a finite energy of transformation.