Alkaline Quinone Flow Battery with Long Lifetime at pH 12

Abstract

We demonstrate a long-lifetime, aqueous redox-flow battery that can operate at a pH as low as 12 while maintaining an open-circuit voltage of over 1 V. We functionalized 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (2,6-DHAQ) with highly alkali-soluble carboxylate terminal groups. The resulting negative electrolyte material 4,4′-((9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-diyl)dioxy)dibutyrate (2,6-DBEAQ) was six times more soluble than 2,6-DHAQ at pH 12. Symmetric cell cycling with 2,6-DBEAQ on both sides of the cell demonstrates a capacity fade rate of <0.01%/day and <0.001%/cycle. By pairing 2,6-DBEAQ with a potassium ferri-/ferrocyanide positive electrolyte and utilizing a non-fluorinated membrane, this near-neutral flow battery shows a capacity fade rate that is the lowest of any quinone and rivals the lowest ever reported for any flow battery in the absence of rebalancing processes. This result adds the important attribute of long calendar life to quinone-based redox-flow batteries, which may enable massive penetration of intermittent renewable electricity.