Continuous Coherent Operation in a Large-Scale Neutral Atom Array Quantum Architecture

Abstract

Neutral atom arrays have emerged as a leading platform for scalable quantum information processing, offering reconfigurable geometry, strong interactions, and high-fidelity control. While encoding quantum information in atomic qubits provides multiple natural advantages, information can be lost through mechanisms such as atom loss, depolarization, and decoherence, necessitating the need for quantum error correction. However, the processes underlying error correction, including measurement and gate operations, can themselves induce atom loss, ultimately limiting the achievable computational circuit depth. This thesis presents the design and realization of a large-scale neutral atom array quantum architecture capable of continuous coherent operation. By replenishing fresh atomic qubits during operation, the system solves a key bottleneck to scalability in space and time. We further show that, through careful system design, quantum coherence can be preserved while introducing new atoms and initializing them as qubits. We discuss the architectural and physical considerations underlying this approach and demonstrate a platform comprising more than 3,000 reconfigurable qubits. These results establish a pathway toward persistent quantum operation and have broad implications for quantum computing, quantum simulation, and quantum metrology.