Exploring perceived Discrimination and Self-Actualization: A Phenomenological study of Iranian Immigrant Women

Abstract

First-generation Iranian immigrant women in the U.S. face challenges such as ethnic, cultural, and gender-based discrimination due to political tensions, negative media, and stereotypes. This phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of first-generation Iranian immigrant women aged 40–55 regarding perceived discrimination and its relationship to self-actualization. Guided by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the study examined how participants described their experiences of discrimination, ethnic identity, cultural expectations, autonomy, fulfillment, and meaning in life. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews. The interviews focused on experiences of discrimination, identity formation, goal pursuit, and perceived barriers and facilitators to personal growth. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify common themes. Four main themes emerged from the participants’ experiences: identity-based discrimination, identity pressure and the need to explain oneself, emotional and physical reactions to discrimination, and reflection and meaning-making. Participants also described how their experiences of discrimination were connected to their perceptions of identity, personal goals, and self-actualization. The findings provide a deeper understanding of how Iranian immigrant women perceived and made meaning of discrimination in relation to self-actualization. These findings may provide valuable insights for mental health professionals, educators, policymakers, and community organizations aiming to promote psychological well-being, empowerment, and supportive environments for immigrant women.