FAS Scholarly Articles

Unilateral stance on the correlation between politics and law poses difficulties in analyzing the issue. The political system gives rise to the legal system which needs the organization of society, formation of appropriate institutions, regulation of certain kind of activity and processes, ensuring of legitimacy of political system. Acting as instrument here is the legal politics. Conceptually, the idea stems from political considerations; hence, the politics predetermines the law and as a whole, the process proceeds in the form politics (conceptual) → law-politics (strategic) → law. Political purposes and tasks of conceptual nature account for the creation of legal system to thus regulate political processes of strategic nature; identify character of law and strategic politics. In identifying political goals through potentialities of political-legal system, the politics seeks to employ existing legal opportunities at the highest possible level. Acting as subjects determining these borders and range of authorities are, as a rule, social strata and groups that regulate and control directions of political processes. An identical process typical for social sphere is observed at the international level. Active as leading subject, dominant political forces, within the framework of their purposes, rely on the international law as instrument to introduce adequate norms and standards. Also, it is great powers that venture to deviate from existing standards.

Though much neglected and misunderstood, Kepler was the first to attempt the detailed construction of a clockwork-like world picture operating on a single physical force law. An analysis of the eventual failure of Kepler's attempt gives us a clue to the central enigma in his writings: His heliocentric conception is a superposition of three aspects—physical, mathematical, and metaphysical. Kepler's free choice among these, which is the source both of his strength and of his apparent inconsistencies, results from his indecision between two different criteria of reality; according to one, the real world is the world of phenomena explainable by mechanical principles, and according to the other it is the world of harmonious regularity which man can discern by virtue of a direct connection existing between his mind and the Deity.

We have investigated bipolar diffusion in the presence of traps, taking into consideration the dependence of minority carrier lifetime on the population of the traps, and have established criteria for the validity of the linear recombination law. An equation was derived for the concentration distribution of minority carriers which obey a nonlinear recombination law

I. Introduction, 416.--II. The dynamic input-output system, 420.--III. Stability of the dynamic input-output system: investment policy, 423.--IV. Stability of the dynamic input-output system: output policy, 430.--V. Summary and conclusion, 434.

Einstein's early work on relativity theory is found to be related to his other work at that time (e.g., in subject matter and style). In addition to this element of internal continuity one finds also—as a key to a new evaluation of the significance of Einstein's contribution—an external continuity with the classic, Newtonian tradition governing restrictions on permissible hypotheses. On the other hand, Einstein's work is shown to have been, in important respects, more independent of other contemporary work in this field than has recently been proposed. These continuities and discontinuities are set forth to make the point that philosophical studies of scientific work should proceed on historically valid ground. Some guiding principles are indicated for dealing with conflicting source materials for such studies.